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We bring to your attention the scientific article prepared by Russian experts and based on scientific experiments and observations regarding the introduction of chlorine dioxide in the water treatment process in Russia with some abbreviations.
The world experience of chlorine dioxide application and numerous studies confirm the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide application in the preparation and disinfection of drinking, industrial and waste water, its usefulness and reliability compared to chlorination, sanitary and hygiene advantages. As shown by our research and practical experience, the use of chlorine dioxide as an alternative to liquid chlorine during the justified selection of technological methods of water treatment is justified not only from a technological point of view, but also from an economic point of view. One of the main stages in water treatment technology is water disinfection. The health and sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population depends on the efficiency and safety of water treatment in water treatment plants. It is known that the vast majority of water treatment plants traditionally use liquid chlorine for water disinfection. Until recently, chlorination for water disinfection in large water treatment plants has been the only method, although it is difficult, that provides effective water disinfection for a long time. But a few decades ago, scientists noticed that chlorine reacts with substances in water and can form new compounds, which, as it turned out later, can often be more dangerous for the human body. The switch to disinfection of water networks with ozone or ultraviolet radiation, which is proposed by many, cannot completely replace chlorination, since these disinfection methods are not long-lasting and cannot be used for disinfection of water transported by large distribution networks.
Thus, the current problem in Russia is obvious: on the one hand, the use of liquid chlorine for water disinfection leads to the formation of dangerous concentrations of harmful organic compounds, on the other hand, it is impossible to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population without chlorination of water. Chlorine dioxide is an alternative to liquid chlorine that has been used in Europe, the United States and South Africa for a decade now. Chlorine dioxide is a co-product of chlorine compounds in reduced form. Recently, its use is increasing. Chlorine dioxide has the property of selective reactivity, which has many advantages over other oxidants when chlorine and other reagents cannot be used. Unlike chlorine, chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze in water, its activity does not depend on the pH value, and it is applicable over a wide pH range. It is a very effective bactericide that does not lag behind chlorine or even surpasses it many times in the appropriate dose. During the oxidation of chlorinated organic wastes, when using chlorine dioxide, unlike the treatment of water with chlorine and sodium hydrochloride, chlorinated organic compounds are not formed. In many areas, this property is preferred in the use of chlorine dioxide. Water treated with small doses of chlorine dioxide (about 0.5 mg/l) has neither taste nor smell. Chlorine dioxide has up to 2.5 times more oxidizing potential than chlorine, according to available data. One of the first water supply systems that successfully used chlorine dioxide was the "Niagara Falls" system, which was commissioned in 1944 in the United States. In 1958, 150 water systems in the United States were already using chlorine dioxide. It has been used in Germany since 1959. Since 1995, chlorine dioxide has been used in Ukraine (in the mornings of Ilyichevsk, Southern Kilia, etc.). Currently, drinking water is treated with chlorine dioxide in hundreds of stations around the world, including in most major cities in Europe and North America. Worldwide experience and numerous studies in the application of chlorine dioxide demonstrate its efficiency, utility and reliability in the preparation and disinfection of drinking, industrial and waste water, as well as its sanitary and hygienic advantages over chlorination. Since 2002, the technology of decontamination of drinking water with chlorine dioxide has been applied in the centralized farm and drinking water supply system of the city of Nizhny Tagil (Verkhne-Vyysky hydrojunction, 95 thousand m3/day) in Russia. The first results confirmed the high bactericidal activity and long-lasting bacteriostatic efficacy of the new reagent. The long-term bactericidal effect provided by chlorine dioxide prevents repeated contamination of water with microorganisms in water networks and allows water to be delivered to consumers with the same quality as it came out of water treatment plants. Currently, it has been determined that chlorine dioxide has the following technological advantages:
-Strong disinfection effect - the necessary doses are very low (0.1-0.3 mg/l), rigalomethanes (TGM) and chlorophenols are not formed
-Organic halogens, which are practically not removed, are not formed and do not react with amines and other nitrogen compounds
-The strong disinfection effect is practically independent of the pH value of the water
-Strong effect on spores, viruses and algae
-It has no practical effect, but often improves the organoleptic properties of treated water
-Efficient oxidation of iron and manganese
-Improvement of coagulation of sewage during raw water treatment
-Bacteriostatic effect that remains for a long time (up to 7 days) in water distribution systems and, as a result, removes microbiological sediments from them
Under certain conditions, all these advantages allow not only to successfully use chlorine dioxide for the purpose of water disinfection, but also to completely abandon the use of liquid chlorine in filter stations and to process water with chlorine dioxide. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in recent years, interest in these advanced technologies by water channels has been steadily increasing. However, the application of chlorine dioxide was kept in many cases due to financial difficulties as well as the lack of practical application experience and necessary regulatory support. Today, such an experience has arisen. Nizhni Tagil sh. On the basis of experience and industrial tests of the drinking water chlorine dioxide disinfection system of the Verkhne-Vyyski hydrojunction, a permit was obtained for the permanent operation of the chlorine dioxide disinfection station with the supply of drinking water to the distribution network of the city. Today, laboratory tests and project works have been completed and the water treatment plants of Ulyanovsk, Chepetsk Mechanical Plant, Glazov have been completed. of the water channel, Bogdanovich s. water channel, Yekaterinburg s. Water treatment systems of water channel, "Baltika" plant (St. Petersburg) with chlorine dioxide were put into operation. As a result of the researches, information was obtained on the use of various types of chlorine dioxide in surface and underground water not only to harm purified water, but also to replace primary chlorination with chlorine dioxide. This allows water pipeline stations to completely abandon the use of liquid chlorine, increase the efficiency of iron and manganese removal, and significantly improve the sanitary condition of distribution networks and facilities themselves. According to the research results, very small doses of chlorine dioxide are needed to harm drinking water, in most cases it is enough to add up to 0.2 mg of СL2 to one liter of water. During the treatment of natural waters with chlorine dioxide, the chlorine dioxide formed during the addition of chlorine dioxide should not exceed the limit of the maximum permissible concentration. prevention is the main technological task.
The World Health Organization and the sanitary legislation of Russia set the maximum permissible concentration of chlorides in drinking water at 0.2 mg/l. Underground water sources in Ulyanovsk. (Pump and filter station, Arkhangelsk ground water intake) and surface water sources (Kuybyshev reservoir and Cheptsa river) researches, as well as Nizhni-Tagil s. The experience of the operation of the chlorine dioxide water treatment station of the Verkhne-Vyysky hydrojunction has shown that when the water corresponds to the quality of drinking water due to oxidation, color, iron and manganese content, the addition of chlorine dioxide doses of less than 0.4 mg/l leads to the formation of more than 0.2 mg/l of chlorides. does not allow.